Some orthopedic problems can be treated with medications, exercises, braces, and other devices, but others may be best treated with surgery Figure 6.
In recent years, orthopedists have even performed prenatal surgery to correct spina bifida, a congenital defect in which the neural canal in the spine of the fetus fails to close completely during embryologic development. Orthopedists commonly treat bone and joint injuries but they also treat other bone conditions including curvature of the spine. Lateral curvatures scoliosis can be severe enough to slip under the shoulder blade scapula forcing it up as a hump.
Spinal curvatures can also be excessive dorsoventrally kyphosis causing a hunch back and thoracic compression. These curvatures often appear in preteens as the result of poor posture, abnormal growth, or indeterminate causes.
Mostly, they are readily treated by orthopedists. As people age, accumulated spinal column injuries and diseases like osteoporosis can also lead to curvatures of the spine, hence the stooping you sometimes see in the elderly. Some orthopedists sub-specialize in sports medicine, which addresses both simple injuries, such as a sprained ankle, and complex injuries, such as a torn rotator cuff in the shoulder.
Treatment can range from exercise to surgery. The major functions of the skeletal system are body support, facilitation of movement, protection of internal organs, storage of minerals and fat, and blood cell formation. Skip to content Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: List and describe the functions of the skeletal system Attribute specific functions of the skeletal system to specific components or structures.
Career Connection — Orthopedist An orthopedist is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders and injuries related to the musculoskeletal system. Figure 6. The bones of the skeleton provide surfaces for the attachment of muscles. Blood cell production — certain bones in the skeleton contain bone marrow which produces red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.
Sensors in the muscles and joints send messages back through peripheral nerves to tell the cerebellum and other parts of the brain where and how the arm or leg is moving and what position it's in.
This feedback results in smooth, coordinated motion. If you want to lift your arm, your brain sends a message to the muscles in your arm and you move it. When you run, the messages to the brain are more involved, because many muscles have to work in rhythm. Muscles move body parts by contracting and then relaxing.
Muscles can pull bones, but they can't push them back to the original position. So they work in pairs of flexors and extensors. The flexor contracts to bend a limb at a joint. Then, when the movement is completed, the flexor relaxes and the extensor contracts to extend or straighten the limb at the same joint. For example, the biceps muscle, in the front of the upper arm, is a flexor, and the triceps, at the back of the upper arm, is an extensor. When you bend at your elbow, the biceps contracts.
Then the biceps relaxes and the triceps contracts to straighten the elbow. Joints are where two bones meet. They make the skeleton flexible — without them, movement would be impossible. Joints allow our bodies to move in many ways.
Some joints open and close like a hinge such as knees and elbows , whereas others allow for more complicated movement — a shoulder or hip joint, for example, allows for backward, forward, sideways, and rotating movement. Reviewed by: KidsHealth Medical Experts. Larger text size Large text size Regular text size. Bones are made up of two types of bone tissues: Compact bone is the solid, hard outside part of the bone. It looks like ivory and is extremely strong.
Holes and channels run through it, carrying blood vessels and nerves. Figure 3. Arm Brace. An orthopedist will sometimes prescribe the use of a brace that reinforces the underlying bone structure it is being used to support. In recent years, orthopedists have even performed prenatal surgery to correct spina bifida, a congenital defect in which the neural canal in the spine of the fetus fails to close completely during embryologic development. Orthopedists commonly treat bone and joint injuries but they also treat other bone conditions including curvature of the spine.
Lateral curvatures scoliosis can be severe enough to slip under the shoulder blade scapula forcing it up as a hump. Spinal curvatures can also be excessive dorsoventrally kyphosis causing a hunch back and thoracic compression. These curvatures often appear in preteens as the result of poor posture, abnormal growth, or indeterminate causes. Mostly, they are readily treated by orthopedists.
As people age, accumulated spinal column injuries and diseases like osteoporosis can also lead to curvatures of the spine, hence the stooping you sometimes see in the elderly. Some orthopedists sub-specialize in sports medicine, which addresses both simple injuries, such as a sprained ankle, and complex injuries, such as a torn rotator cuff in the shoulder. Treatment can range from exercise to surgery.
Figure 4.
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